Физически неклонируемые функции в цифровых интегральных схемах

Цели. Преимуществом модулей, реализующих физически неклонируемые функции (ФНФ) и встроенных в цифровой чип, является то, что отклики на запросы могут быть напрямую использованы другими приложениями устройства. Устройство способно запрашивать и считывать ФНФ без привлечения внешних инструментов и вывода запроса и ответа за пределы чипа. ФНФ может быть реализована с использованием технологических операций и компонентов, применяемых при изготовлении самого устройства. Статья является первой из двух обзорных публикаций, посвященных ФНФ как компонентам инфраструктуры аппаратной безопасности. Данная статья фокусируется на формальном описании ФНФ и их конструкциях, основанных на модулях памяти и анализе временных характеристик сигналов.

Методы. Использованы методы определения количественных показателей и признаков для формального описания ФНФ: вычислимость, уникальность, возможность реализации, сложность клонирования, защита от несанкционированного доступа.

Результаты. Рассмотрены реализации ФНФ как физических устройств, обладающих уникальной сигнатурой. Предложена их классификация: ФНФ на основе временных характеристик сигналов, ФНФ на основе схем памяти и аналоговые ФНФ. Приведены наиболее типичные примеры реализаций первых двух типов. Показано, что решения на основе задержек сигналов обеспечивают широкое пространство пар «запрос – ответ», но требуют симметрии и/или калибровки, тогда как ФНФ на базе памяти проще реализуются в интегральных схемах и при корректной постобработке достигают высокой воспроизводимости, что делает их практичным выбором для многих приложений. Описаны подходы к компенсации влияния вариаций напряжения и температуры. Приведены примеры «сильных» память-ориентированных ФНФ и схемотехнические приемы повышения их стойкости к атакам.

Выводы. Технология обеспечения безопасности на основе ФНФ обладает значительным потенциалом, особенно для применения в устройствах интернета вещей. Проведенный анализ показывает, что в сочетании с методами постобработки и компенсации эксплуатационных факторов ФНФ является зрелым инструментом обеспечения аппаратной безопасности.

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