<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mireabulletin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Russian Technological Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Technological Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-3210</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-316X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RTU MIREA</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32362/2500-316X-2023-11-4-72-83</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mireabulletin-736</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATHEMATICAL MODELING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Комбинированные алгоритмы аппроксимации для интерактивного проектирования дорожных трасс в системах автоматизированного проектирования</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Combined approximation algorithms for interactive design of road routes in CAD</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3734-7182</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Карпов Дмитрий Анатольевич, к.т.н., заведующий кафедрой общей информатики Института искусственного интеллекта</p><p>119454, Москва, пр-т Вернадского, д. 78</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry A. Karpov, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Head of the General Informatics Department, Institute of Artificial Intelligence</p><p>78, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karpov@mirea.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9801-7454</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Струченков</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Struchenkov</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Струченков Валерий Иванович, д.т.н., профессор, кафедра общей информатики Института искусственного интеллекта</p><p>119454, Москва, пр-т Вернадского, д. 78</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valery I. Struchenkov, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, General Informatics Department, Institute of Artificial Intelligence</p><p>78, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">str1942@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МИРЭА – Российский технологический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MIREA – Russian Technological University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Карпов Д.А., Струченков В.И., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Карпов Д.А., Струченков В.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karpov D.A., Struchenkov V.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rtj-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/736">https://www.rtj-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/736</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цели</title><p>Цели. Цель работы состоит в создании алгоритмов аппроксимации последовательности точек на плоскости дугами клотоид и окружностей. Такая задача возникает в проектировании трасс железных и автомобильных дорог. План (проекция на горизонтальную плоскость) трассы дороги – это кривая (сплайн), состоящая из повторяющейся связки элементов «прямая + дуга клотоиды + дуга окружность + дуга клотоиды + …». Такая комбинация элементов обеспечивает непрерывность не только кривой и касательной к ней, но и кривизны. Поскольку число элементов сплайна заранее неизвестно, а на их параметры накладываются ограничения, для этой задачи пока не опубликовано математически корректного алгоритма. Разработанная в РТУ МИРЭА двухэтапная схема решения задачи с определением числа элементов сплайна с помощью динамического программирования на первом этапе и оптимизацией его параметров с применением нелинейного программирования на втором, реализована только для сплайна с прямыми и окружностями (без клотоид). Ее реализация для сплайна с клотоидами много сложнее и пока не выполнена в силу ряда причин. В действующих системах автоматизированного проектирования (САПР) проектирование плана трассы выполняется в интерактивном режиме с последовательным подбором элементов. В этой связи имеет смысл разработка математически корректных алгоритмов поэлементной аппроксимации.</p></sec><sec><title>Метод</title><p>Метод. Задача поэлементной аппроксимации окружностью или клотоидой формализована как задача нелинейного программирования малой размерности. Целевая функция – сумма квадратов отклонений от исходных точек. Поскольку клотоида в декартовых координатах представляется степенными рядами, возникают трудности вычисления производных целевой функции по искомым параметрам элементов сплайна. Предложен математически корректный алгоритм вычисления этих производных на основе интегрального представления декартовых координат точек клотоиды как функций ее длины.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Разработаны математическая модель и алгоритмы аппроксимации последовательности точек на плоскости клотоидой и окружностью с применением метода нелинейного программирования. Реализован алгоритм второго порядка с вычислением и обращением матрицы вторых производных (матрица Гессе).</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Для аппроксимации окружностью и клотоидой с применением нелинейного программирования необязательно иметь аналитическое выражение целевой функции через искомые переменные. Предложенные алгоритмы позволяют вычислять не только первые, но и вторые производные в отсутствие таких выражений.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Objectives. The aim of the work is to create algorithms for approximating a sequence of points on a plane by arcs of clothoids and circles. Such a problem typically arises in the design of railroad and highway routes. The plan (projection onto a horizontal plane) of the road route is a curve (spline) consisting of a repeating bundle of elements “straight line + clothoid arc + circle arc + clothoid arc + ...”. Such a combination of elements provides continuity not only for the curve and its tangent, but also for the curvature. Since the number of spline elements is not known in advance, and their parameters are subject to restrictions, there is no mathematically consistent algorithm for this problem. The two-stage scheme for solving the problem is developed at RTU MIREA only for a spline with lines and circles (i.e., without clothoid elements). At the first stage, the scheme uses dynamic programming to determine the number of spline elements. At the second stage, the scheme optimizes parameters of the spline using nonlinear programming. This scheme has yet to be implemented for a spline with clothoids due to a significantly more complicated nature of this problem. Therefore, the design of route plans in existing computer aided design (CAD) systems is carried out in interactive mode using iterative selection of elements. In this regard, it makes sense to develop mathematically consistent algorithms for element-by-element approximation.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The problem of element-by-element approximation by a circle and a clothoid is formalized as a lowdimensional non-linear programming problem. The objective function is the sum of squared deviations from the original points. Since a clothoid can only be represented in Cartesian coordinates by power series, there are difficulties in calculating the derivatives of the objective function with respect to the desired parameters of the spline elements. The proposed mathematically consistent algorithm for calculating these derivatives is based on the integral representation of the Cartesian coordinates of the points of the clothoid as functions of its length.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A mathematical model and algorithms have been developed for approximating a sequence of points on a plane by clothoids and circles using the method of nonlinear programming. A second-order algorithm is implemented with the calculation and inversion of the matrix of second derivatives (Hesse matrix).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. For approximation by circles and clothoids using nonlinear programming, it is not necessary to have an analytical expression of the objective function in terms of the required variables. The proposed algorithms make it possible to calculate not only the first, but also the second derivatives in the absence of such expressions.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>план трассы</kwd><kwd>сплайн</kwd><kwd>нелинейное программирование</kwd><kwd>клотоида</kwd><kwd>целевая функция</kwd><kwd>градиент</kwd><kwd>матрица Гессе</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>route plan</kwd><kwd>spline</kwd><kwd>non-linear programming</kwd><kwd>clothoid</kwd><kwd>objective function</kwd><kwd>gradient</kwd><kwd>Hessian matrix</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горинов А.В. Изыскания и проектирование железных дорог. Т. 2. М.: Трансжелдориздат; 1961. 338 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorinov A.V. Izyskaniya i proektirovanie zheleznykh dorog (Research and Design of Railways). V. 2. Moscow: Transzheldorizdat; 1961. 338 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шейдвассер Д.М. Оптимизация трасс железных дорог на напряженных ходах. В кн.: Автоматизация проектирования объектов транспортного строительства. М.: Транспорт; 1986. С. 16–29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheidwasser D.M. Optimization of railroad tracks on busy tracks. In: Avtomatizatsiya proektirovaniya ob’ektov transportnogo stroitel’stva (Automation of the Design of Transport Construction Objects). Moscow: Transport; 1986. P. 16–29 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Струченков В.И., Шейдвассер Д.М. Оптимизация на ЭВМ трассы новой железной дороги на напряженных ходах. Транспортное строительство. 1987;3:7–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Struchenkov V.I., Sheidwasser D.M. Optimization on a computer of the route of a new railway on stressful passages. Transportnoe stroitel’stvo = Transport Construction. 1987;3:7–9 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jha M.K., McCall C., Schonfeld P. Using GIS, genetic algorithms, and visualization in highway development. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2001;16(6):399–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/0885-9507.00242</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jha M.K., McCall C., Schonfeld P. Using GIS, genetic algorithms, and visualization in highway development. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2001;16(6):399–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/0885-9507.00242</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jha M.K., Schonfeld P. A highway alignment optimization model using geographic information systems. Transp. Res. Part A. Policy Pract. 2004;8(6):455–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2004.04.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jha M.K., Schonfeld P. A highway alignment optimization model using geographic information systems. Transp. Res. Part A. Policy Pract. 2004;8(6):455–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2004.04.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jong J.C., Jha M.K., Schonfeld P. Preliminary highway design with genetic algorithms and geographic information systems. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2000;15(4):261–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/0885-9507.00190</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jong J.C., Jha M.K., Schonfeld P. Preliminary highway design with genetic algorithms and geographic information systems. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2000;15(4):261–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/0885-9507.00190</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang M.W., Schonfeld P., Yang N. Prescreening and repairing in a genetic algorithm for highway alignment optimization. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2009;24(2):109–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2008.00574.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang M.W., Schonfeld P., Yang N. Prescreening and repairing in a genetic algorithm for highway alignment optimization. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2009;24(2):109–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2008.00574.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pushak Y., Hare W., Lucet Y. Multiple-path selection for new highway alignments using discrete algorithms. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 2016;248(2):415–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.07.039</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pushak Y., Hare W., Lucet Y. Multiple-path selection for new highway alignments using discrete algorithms. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 2016;248(2):415–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.07.039</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarma K.C., Adeli H. Bilevel parallel genetic algorithms for optimization of large steel structures. Computer Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2001;16(5): 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/0885-9507.00234</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarma K.C., Adeli H. Bilevel parallel genetic algorithms for optimization of large steel structures. Computer Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2001;16(5): 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/0885-9507.00234</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shafahi Y., Bagherian M. A customized particle swarm method to solve highway alignment optimization problem. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2013;28(1):52–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2012.00769.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shafahi Y., Bagherian M. A customized particle swarm method to solve highway alignment optimization problem. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2013;28(1):52–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2012.00769.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bosurgi G., D’Andrea A. A polynomial parametric curve (PPC-curve) for the design of horizontal geometry of highways. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2012;27(4):303–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2011.00750.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bosurgi G., D’Andrea A. A polynomial parametric curve (PPC-curve) for the design of horizontal geometry of highways. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2012;27(4):303–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2011.00750.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cerf R. The quasispecies regime for the simple genetic algorithm with roulette wheel selection. arXiv:1506.0981v2. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1506.09081</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cerf R. The quasispecies regime for the simple genetic algorithm with roulette wheel selection. arXiv:1506.0981v2. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1506.09081</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pu H., Li W., Schonfeld P., et al. A Method for Automatically Recreating the Horizontal Alignment Geometry of Existing Railways. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2019;34(1):71–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12392</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pu H., Li W., Schonfeld P., et al. A Method for Automatically Recreating the Horizontal Alignment Geometry of Existing Railways. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2019;34(1):71–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12392</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li W., Zhen S., Schonfeld P., et al. Recreating Existing Railway Horizontal Alignments Automatically Using Overall Swing Iteration. J. Transport. Eng. Part A: Systems. 2022;148(8). https://doi.org/10.1061/JTEPBS.0000691</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li W., Zhen S., Schonfeld P., et al. Recreating Existing Railway Horizontal Alignments Automatically Using Overall Swing Iteration. J. Transport. Eng. Part A: Systems. 2022;148(8). https://doi.org/10.1061/JTEPBS.0000691</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pu H., Fu H., Schonfeld P., et al. Modelling and optimization of constrained alignments for existing railway reconstruction. Int. J. Rail Transportat. 2023;11(3):428–447. https://doi.org/10.1080/23248378.2022.2081878</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pu H., Fu H., Schonfeld P., et al. Modelling and optimization of constrained alignments for existing railway reconstruction. Int. J. Rail Transportat. 2023;11(3):428–447. https://doi.org/10.1080/23248378.2022.2081878</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сальков Н.А. Моделирование геометрических форм автомобильных дорог: монография. М.: ИНФРА-М; 2019. 162 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sal’kov N.A. Modelirovanie geometricheskikh form avtomobil’nykh dorog: Monografiya (Modeling Geometric Shapes of Highways: Monograph). Moscow: INFRA-M; 2019. 162 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смирнов В.И. Курс высшей математики. Т. 2. М.: Наука; 1967. 479 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnov V.I. Kurs vysshei matematiki (Higher Mathematics Course). V. 2. Moscow: Nauka; 1979. 479 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горинов А.В., Кантор И.И., Кондратенко А.П., Турбин И.В. Изыскания и проектирование железных дорог. М.: Транспорт; 1979. 319 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorinov A.V., Kantor I.I., Kondratenko A.P., Turbin I.V. Izyskaniya i proektirovanie zheleznykh dorog (Research and Design of Railways). Moscow: Transport; 1979. 319 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кантор И.И. Изыскания и проектирование железных дорог. М.: ИКЦ «Академкнига»; 2003. 288 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kantor I.I. Izyskaniya i proektirovanie zheleznykh dorog (Research and Design of Railways). Moscow: Akademkniga; 2003. 288 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федотов Г.А., Поспелов И.И. Изыскания и проектирование автомобильных дорог. Кн. 1. М.: Высшая школа; 2009. 650 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedotov G.A., Pospelov I.I. Izyskaniya i proektirovanie avtomobil’nykh dorog (Research and Design of Highways). V. 1. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola; 2009. 650 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гилл Ф., Мюррей У., Райт М. Практическая оптимизация: пер. с англ. М.: Мир; 1985. 509 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gill Ph.E., Murray W., Wright M.H. Prakticheskaya optimizatsiya (Practical Optimization): transl. from Engl. Moscow: Mir; 1985. 509 p. (in Russ.). [Gill Ph.E., Murray W., Wright M.H. Practical Optimization. London: Academic Press; 1981. 402 p.]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кохендерфер М.Д., Уилер Т.А. Алгоритмы оптимизации. M.: Вильямс; 2020. 528 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kochenderfer M.D., Wheeler T.A. Algoritmy optimizatsii (Algorithms for Optimization). Moscow: Vil’yams; 2020. 528 p. (in Russ.). [Kochenderfer M.D., Wheeler T.A. Algorithms for Optimization. London: MIT Press; 2019. 520 p.]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Черноруцкий И.Г. Методы оптимизации. Компьютерные технологии. СПб.: БХВ-Петербург; 2011. 329 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernorutskii I.G. Metody optimizatsii. Komp’yuternye tekhnologii (Methods of optimization. Computer technologies). St. Petersburg: BHV-Petersburg; 2011. 329 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Струченков В.И. Новый алгоритм поэлементного расчета трасс в САПР линейных сооружений. Информационные технологии. 2015;21(4):271–276.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Struchenkov V.I. New algorithm for perelement calculation of line structures routes. Informacionnye tekhnologii = Information Technologies. 2015;21(4): 271–276 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
