<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mireabulletin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Russian Technological Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Technological Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-3210</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-316X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RTU MIREA</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32362/2500-316X-2026-14-5-41-54</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">XGETAP</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mireabulletin-1658</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ. ИНФОРМАТИКА. ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION SYSTEMS. COMPUTER SCIENCES. ISSUES OF INFORMATION SECURITY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Адаптивный анализ угроз информационной безопасности на киберфизическом стенде с использованием цифрового двойника автоматизированной системы управления технологическими процессами энергообъекта</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Adaptive analysis of information security threats on a cyber-physical testbed using a digital twin of an energy facility automated process control system</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6809-8732</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трубиенко</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trubienko</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Олег Владимирович Трубиенко, к. т. н., доцент, заведующий кафедрой</p><p>Институт кибербезопасности и цифровых технологий; кафедра КБ-2 «Информационно-аналитические системы кибербезопасности»</p><p>119454; пр-т Вернадского, д. 78; Москва</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57213680467</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleg V. Trubienko, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor, Head of the Department</p><p>Institute of Cybersecurity and Digital Technologies; Department of Information and Analytical Cybersecurity Systems, </p><p>119454; 78, Vernadskogo pr.; Moscow</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57213680467</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">trubienko@mirea.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6579-0988</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митяков</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mityakov</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евгений Сергеевич Митяков, д. э. н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой</p><p>Институт кибербезопасности и цифровых технологий; кафедра КБ-9 «Предметно-ориентированные информационные системы»</p><p>119454; пр-т Вернадского, д. 78; Москва</p><p>Scopus Author ID 55960540500</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeny S. Mityakov, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Head of the Department</p><p>Institute of Cybersecurity and Digital Technologies; Department “Subject-Oriented Information Systems”</p><p>119454; 78, Vernadskogo pr.; Moscow</p><p>Scopus Author ID 55960540500</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mityakov@mirea.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2228-596X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лоскутов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Loskutov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Антон Алексеевич Лоскутов, д. т. н., доцент, старший научный сотрудник, доцент кафедры</p><p>лаборатория «Автономные гибридные электроэнергетические комплексы»; кафедра «Электроэнергетика, электроснабжение и силовая электроника»</p><p>603155; ул. Минина, д. 24; Нижний Новгород</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57205467115, ResearcherID A-4809-2014</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton A. Loskutov, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Senior Researcher, Associate Professor</p><p>Laboratory of Autonomous Hybrid Electric Power Complexes; Department of Electric Power Engineering, Power Supply, and Power Electronics</p><p>603155; 24, Minina ul.; Nizhny Novgorod</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57205467115, ResearcherID A-4809-2014</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">loskutov_aa@nntu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1092-7136</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куликов</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulikov</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Леонидович Куликов, д. т. н., профессор</p><p>кафедра «Электроэнергетика, электроснабжение и силовая электроника»</p><p>603155; ул. Минина, д. 24; Нижний Новгород</p><p>Scopus Author ID 56496375600</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr L. Kulikov, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor</p><p>Department of Electric Power Engineering, Power Supply, andPower Electronics</p><p>603155; 24, Minina ul.; Nizhny Novgorod</p><p>Scopus Author ID 56496375600</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">inventor61@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МИРЭА – Российский технологический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MIREA – Russian Technological University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Нижегородский государственный технический университет им. Р.Е. Алексеева</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Трубиенко О.В., Митяков Е.С., Лоскутов А.А., Куликов А.Л., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Трубиенко О.В., Митяков Е.С., Лоскутов А.А., Куликов А.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Trubienko O.V., Mityakov E.S., Loskutov A.A., Kulikov A.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rtj-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1658">https://www.rtj-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1658</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>   Цели</title><p>   Цели. Основной целью исследования является экспериментальная верификация предложенного подхода к адаптивному анализу угроз информационной безопасности на объектах критической информационной инфраструктуры с использованием цифрового двойника автоматизированной системы управления технологическими процессами (АСУ ТП) энергообъекта.</p></sec><sec><title>   Методы</title><p>   Методы. В работе применен системный подход, включающий моделирование типовых сценариев угроз на полунатурном киберфизическом стенде, генерацию синтетических многомерных временных рядов телеметрии в цифровом двойнике и итеративное дообучение модели обнаружения угроз на основе ансамблевого алгоритма Random Forest1. Сравнение выполнено между стратегией прямого дообучения на данных стенда и стратегией, полностью основанной на синтетических данных, сгенерированных цифровым двойником. Эффективность оценивалась с учетом как результативности обнаружения угроз, так и уровня защищенности эксплуатационной среды. Для количественной оценки использовалась авторская метрика, учитывающая компромисс между полнотой обнаружения и рисками вмешательства в работу реального оборудования.</p></sec><sec><title>   Результаты</title><p>   Результаты. Экспериментально подтверждена работоспособность предложенного подхода: использование цифрового двойника обеспечивает качество обнаружения угроз, сопоставимое с прямым дообучением на реальном оборудовании, при существенно более высоком уровне защищенности. На основе анализа смоделированных атак в цифровом двойнике сформулированы и верифицированы две защитные меры на уровне прикладной логики АСУ ТП: корреляционное правило в SCADA-системе2 для проверки логической согласованности телеметрии и адаптивный пороговый контроль, учитывающий текущий режим работы энергообъекта. Их внедрение позволило повысить точность обнаружения при сохранении полноты и дополнительно усилить защищенность системы. Проведенная серия из ста независимых экспериментов подтвердила статистическую значимость полученных результатов. Разработанные защитные меры продемонстрировали устойчивость к различным режимам функционирования энергообъекта.</p></sec><sec><title>   Выводы</title><p>   Выводы. Предложенный подход позволяет осуществлять адаптивный анализ угроз информационной безопасности без прямого взаимодействия с реальным оборудованием, что соответствует требованиям функциональной безопасности и нормативным ограничениям, действующим в отношении объектов критической информационной инфраструктуры.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>   Objectives</title><p>   Objectives. The study set out to experimentally verify a proposed approach to adaptive cyber threat analysis for critical information infrastructure facilities using a digital twin of an industrial control system (ICS) for a power facility.</p></sec><sec><title>   Methods</title><p>   Methods. The system-engineering approach involved modeling representative cyber-attack scenarios on a seminatural cyber-physical testbed and generating synthetic multivariate time series telemetry within a digital twin. The threat detection model was then iteratively retrained based on the Random Forest3 ensemble algorithm. Strategies involving direct retraining on testbed data were compared with those relying solely on synthetic data generated by the digital twin. The evaluation criteria encompassed both the effectiveness of threat detection and the level of operational environment security. The authors’ proprietary metric, which considers the trade-off between threat detection recall and the risk of interfering with the real equipment operations, was used for quantitative assessment.</p></sec><sec><title>   Results</title><p>   Results. The feasibility of the proposed approach was experimentally confirmed. The use of a digital twin provides a level of threat detection quality comparable to direct retraining on physical equipment while ensuring a substantially higher level of operational security. Based on the analysis of simulated attacks within the digital twin, two defensive measures were formulated and verified at the application logic level of the ICS: (1) a correlation rule for the SCADA4 system to validate the logical consistency of telemetry and (2) an adaptive multi-threshold control mechanism that accounts for the current operational mode of the power facility. Implementing these measures improved detection precision while maintaining recall to further enhance the system’s overall security. A series of a hundred independent experiments confirmed the statistical significance of the obtained results. The protective measures developed demonstrated resilience to various operating modes of the considered energy facility.</p></sec><sec><title>   Conclusions</title><p>   Conclusions. The proposed approach is suitable for carrying out adaptive cyber threat analysis without direct interaction with physical equipment, thereby complying with functional safety requirements and regulatory constraints applicable to critical information infrastructure facilities in the Russian Federation.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>автоматизированная система управления технологическими процессами</kwd><kwd>критическая информационная инфраструктура</kwd><kwd>цифровой двойник</kwd><kwd>адаптивный анализ угроз</kwd><kwd>обнаружение атак</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>телеметрия</kwd><kwd>функциональная безопасность</kwd><kwd>защитные меры</kwd><kwd>киберфизический стенд</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>automated process control system</kwd><kwd>critical information infrastructure</kwd><kwd>digital twin</kwd><kwd>adaptive threat analysis</kwd><kwd>attack detection</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>telemetry</kwd><kwd>functional safety</kwd><kwd>security measures</kwd><kwd>cyber-physical testbed</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы не имеют финансовой заинтересованности в представленных материалах или методах. Исследование выполнено за счет гран- та Российского научного фонда № 25-29-00362, https://rscf.ru/project/25-29-00362/</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors have no financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 25-29-00362, https://rscf.ru/project/25-29-00362/</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полтавцева М.А. Управление адаптивным мониторингом информационной безопасности КФС. Защита информации. Инсайд. 2021;3:47–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poltavtseva M.A. CPS adaptive information security monitoring control. Zashchita informatsii. Insaid. 2021;3:47–53 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Митяков Е.С., Адиев М.М. Функциональная модель анализа угроз информационной безопасности объектов критической информационной инфраструктуры на основе цифрового двойника. Информатизация и связь. 2025;4:144–150. doi: 10.34219/2078-8320-2025-16-4-144-150</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mityakov E.S., Adiev M.M. Functional model for threat analysis in critical information infrastructure based on digital twin. Informatizatsiya i svyaz’ = Informatization and Communications. 2025;4:144–150 (in Russ.). doi: 10.34219/2078-8320-2025-16-4-144-150</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гавдан Г.П., Иваненко В.Г., Рыбалко Э.П., Рыбалко Д.П. Устойчивость функционирования объектов критической информационной инфраструктуры. Безопасность информационных технологий. 2022;29(4):53–66. doi: 10.26583/bit.2022.4.05</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gavdan G.P., Ivanenko V.G., Rybalko E.P., Rybalko D.P. Sustainability of the functioning of critical information infrastructure facilities. Bezopasnost’ informatsionnykh tekhnologii = IT Security (Russia). 2022;29(4):53–66 (in Russ.). doi: 10.26583/bit.2022.4.05</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лоскутов А.А., Куликов А.Л., Пелевин П.С., Симанов А.С. Методы выявления киберугроз на цифровых подстанциях. Электротехника. 2025;10:59–69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loskutov A.A., Kulikov A.L., Pelevin P.S., et al. Method for Detecting Cyber Threats at Digital Substations. Russ. Electr. Engin. 2025;96(10):853–863. doi: 10.3103/S1068371225701184 [Original Russian Text: Loskutov A.A., Kulikov A.L., Pelevin P.S., Simanov A.S. Method for Detecting Cyber Threats at Digital Substations. Ehlektrotekhnika. 2025;10:59–69 (in Russ.).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Куликов А.Л., Лоскутов А.А., Зинин В.М. Нормативно-технические аспекты обеспечения информационной и кибербезопасности объектов цифровой электроэнергетики. Вопросы кибербезопасности. 2025;6(70):101–115. doi: 10.21681/2311-3456-2025-6-101-115</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulikov A.L., Loskutov A.A., Zinin V.M. Regulatory and technical aspects of ensuring information and cybersecurity of digital electric power industry facilities. Voprosy kiberbezopasnosti. 2025;6(70):101–115 (in Russ.). doi: 10.21681/2311-3456-2025-6-101-115</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kulikov A., Loskutov A., Bezdushniy D., Petrov I. Decision Tree Models and Machine Learning Algorithms in the Fault Recognition on Power Lines with Branches. Energies. 2023;16(14):5563. doi: 10.3390/en16145563</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulikov A., Loskutov A., Bezdushniy D., Petrov I. Decision Tree Models and Machine Learning Algorithms in the Fault Recognition on Power Lines with Branches. Energies. 2023;16(14):5563. doi: 10.3390/en16145563</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kayan H., Nunes M., Rana O., Burnap P., Perera C. Cybersecurity of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems : A Review. ACM Comput. Surv. 2021;54(11s):1–35. doi: 10.1145/3510410</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kayan H., Nunes M., Rana O., Burnap P., Perera C. Cybersecurity of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems : A Review. ACM Comput. Surv. 2021;54(11s):1–35. doi: 10.1145/3510410</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koay A., Ko R., Hettema H., Radke K. Machine learning in industrial control system (ICS) security: current landscape, opportunities and challenges. J. Intell. Inf. Syst. 2022;60:377–405. doi: 10.1007/s10844-022-00753-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koay A., Ko R., Hettema H., Radke K. Machine learning in industrial control system (ICS) security: current landscape, opportunities and challenges. J. Intell. Inf. Syst. 2022;60:377–405. doi: 10.1007/s10844-022-00753-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Abassi A., Karimipour H., Dehghantanha A., Parizi R. An Ensemble Deep Learning-Based Cyber-Attack Detection in Industrial Control System. IEEE Access. 2020;8:83965–83973. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2992249</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Abassi A., Karimipour H., Dehghantanha A., Parizi R. An Ensemble Deep Learning-Based Cyber-Attack Detection in Industrial Control System. IEEE Access. 2020;8:83965–83973. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2992249</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ali J., Ali S., Balushi T., Nadir Z. Intrusion Detection in Industrial Control Systems Using Transfer Learning Guided by Reinforcement Learning. Information. 2025;16(10):910. doi: 10.3390/info16100910</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ali J., Ali S., Balushi T., Nadir Z. Intrusion Detection in Industrial Control Systems Using Transfer Learning Guided by Reinforcement Learning. Information. 2025;16(10):910. doi: 10.3390/info16100910</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ayodeji A., Liu Y., Chao N., Yang Li-gun. A new perspective towards the development of robust data-driven intrusion detection for industrial control systems. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 2020;52(12):2687–2698. doi: 10.1016/j.net.2020.05.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayodeji A., Liu Y., Chao N., Yang Li-gun. A new perspective towards the development of robust data-driven intrusion detection for industrial control systems. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 2020;52(12):2687–2698. doi: 10.1016/j.net.2020.05.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeffrey N., Tan Q., Villar J. A Review of Anomaly Detection Strategies to Detect Threats to Cyber-Physical Systems. Electronics. 2023;12(15):3283. doi: 10.3390/electronics12153283</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeffrey N., Tan Q., Villar J. A Review of Anomaly Detection Strategies to Detect Threats to Cyber-Physical Systems. Electronics. 2023;12(15):3283. doi: 10.3390/electronics12153283</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahman U., Ahmed H., Khan M., Saqlain M., Siddiqui S., Akhtar E. Comprehensive Cybersecurity Risk Assessment Framework for Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and SCADA Environments: Identifying Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Mitigation Strategies. Glob. Res. J. Nat. Sci. Technol. 2025;3(3):134–164.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahman U., Ahmed H., Khan M., Saqlain M., Siddiqui S., Akhtar E. Comprehensive Cybersecurity Risk Assessment Framework for Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and SCADA Environments: Identifying Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Mitigation Strategies. Glob. Res. J. Nat. Sci. Technol. 2025;3(3):134–164.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gehrmann C., Gunnarsson M. A Digital Twin Based Industrial Automation and Control System Security Architecture. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2020;16(1):669–680. doi: 10.1109/TII.2019.2938885</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gehrmann C., Gunnarsson M. A Digital Twin Based Industrial Automation and Control System Security Architecture. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2020;16(1):669–680. doi: 10.1109/TII.2019.2938885</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He R., Chen G., Dong C., Sun S., Shen X. Data-driven digital twin technology for optimized control in process systems. ISA Trans. 2019;95:221–234. doi: 10.1016/j.isatra.2019.05.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He R., Chen G., Dong C., Sun S., Shen X. Data-driven digital twin technology for optimized control in process systems. ISA Trans. 2019;95:221–234. doi: 10.1016/j.isatra.2019.05.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sayghe A. Digital Twin-Driven Intrusion Detection for Industrial SCADA: A Cyber-Physical Case Study. Sensors. 2025;25(16):4963. doi: 10.3390/s25164963</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sayghe A. Digital Twin-Driven Intrusion Detection for Industrial SCADA: A Cyber-Physical Case Study. Sensors. 2025;25(16):4963. doi: 10.3390/s25164963</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Homaei M., Tarif M., Avilla M., Caro A. Causal Digital Twins for Cyber-Physical Security: A Framework for Robust Anomaly Detection in Industrial Control Systems. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2510.09616. 2025. doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2510.09616</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Homaei M., Tarif M., Avilla M., Caro A. Causal Digital Twins for Cyber-Physical Security: A Framework for Robust Anomaly Detection in Industrial Control Systems. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2510.09616. 2025. doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2510.09616</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Varghese S., Ghadim A., Balador A., Alimadadi Z., Papadimitratos P. Digital Twin-based Intrusion Detection for Industrial Control Systems. In: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops). 2022. P. 611–617. doi: 10.1109/PerComWorkshops53856.2022.9767492</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varghese S., Ghadim A., Balador A., Alimadadi Z., Papadimitratos P. Digital Twin-based Intrusion Detection for Industrial Control Systems. In: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops). 2022. P. 611–617. doi: 10.1109/PerComWorkshops53856.2022.9767492</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castellani A., Schmitt S., Squartini S. Real-World Anomaly Detection by Using Digital Twin Systems and Weakly Supervised Learning. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2020;17(7):4733–4742. doi: 10.1109/TII.2020.3019788</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castellani A., Schmitt S., Squartini S. Real-World Anomaly Detection by Using Digital Twin Systems and Weakly Supervised Learning. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2020;17(7):4733–4742. doi: 10.1109/TII.2020.3019788</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeremiah S.R., El Azzaoui A., Xiong N.N., Park J.H. A comprehensive survey of digital twins: Applications, technologies and security challenges. J. Syst. Archit. 2024;151:103120. doi: 10.1016/j.sysarc.2024.103120</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeremiah S.R., El Azzaoui A., Xiong N.N., Park J.H. A comprehensive survey of digital twins: Applications, technologies and security challenges. J. Syst. Archit. 2024;151:103120. doi: 10.1016/j.sysarc.2024.103120</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smagowicz J., Szwed C., Wiśniewski M. Application of Digital Twin in Ensuring Cyber-Security in Manufacturing Processes Management. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology Organization &amp; Management Ser. 2025;224:457–476. doi: 10.29119/1641-3466.2025.224.25</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smagowicz J., Szwed C., Wiśniewski M. Application of Digital Twin in Ensuring Cyber-Security in Manufacturing Processes Management. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology Organization &amp; Management Ser. 2025;224:457–476. doi: 10.29119/1641-3466.2025.224.25</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng R., Hou L., Xu S. A Review of Digital Twin Applications in Civil and Infrastructure Emergency Management. Buildings. 2023;13(5):1143. doi: 10.3390/buildings13051143</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng R., Hou L., Xu S. A Review of Digital Twin Applications in Civil and Infrastructure Emergency Management. Buildings. 2023;13(5):1143. doi: 10.3390/buildings13051143</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masi M., Sellitto G., Aranha H., Pavleska T. Securing critical infrastructures with a cybersecurity digital twin. Softw. Syst. Model. 2023;22:689–707. doi: 10.1007/s10270-022-01075-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masi M., Sellitto G., Aranha H., Pavleska T. Securing critical infrastructures with a cybersecurity digital twin. Softw. Syst. Model. 2023;22:689–707. doi: 10.1007/s10270-022-01075-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang Y., Wang W., Ding J., Lu X., Jing Y. Leveraging Digital Twin Technology for Enhanced Cybersecurity in Cyber-Physical Production Systems. Future Internet. 2024;16(4):134. doi: 10.3390/fi16040134</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang Y., Wang W., Ding J., Lu X., Jing Y. Leveraging Digital Twin Technology for Enhanced Cybersecurity in Cyber-Physical Production Systems. Future Internet. 2024;16(4):134. doi: 10.3390/fi16040134</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vitale F., Guarino S., Flammini F., Faramondi L., Mazzocca N., Setola R. Process Mining for Digital Twin Development of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2025;21(1):866–875.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vitale F., Guarino S., Flammini F., Faramondi L., Mazzocca N., Setola R. Process Mining for Digital Twin Development of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2025;21(1):866–875.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alhamam N., Rahman A., Aljughaiman A. A Comprehensive Review on Cybersecurity of Digital Twins Issues, Challenges, and Future Research Directions. IEEE Access. 2025;13:45106–45124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alhamam N., Rahman A., Aljughaiman A. A Comprehensive Review on Cybersecurity of Digital Twins Issues, Challenges, and Future Research Directions. IEEE Access. 2025;13:45106–45124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Otoom S. Risk auditing for Digital Twins in cyber physical systems : A systematic review. J. Cyber Secur. Risk Audit. 2025;1:22–35. doi: 10.63180/JCSRA.THESTAP.2025.1.3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Otoom S. Risk auditing for Digital Twins in cyber physical systems : A systematic review. J. Cyber Secur. Risk Audit. 2025;1:22–35. doi: 10.63180/JCSRA.THESTAP.2025.1.3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
