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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mireabulletin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Russian Technological Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Technological Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-3210</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-316X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RTU MIREA</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32362/2500-316X-2026-14-4-21-35</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ENTOLE</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mireabulletin-1613</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ. ИНФОРМАТИКА. ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION SYSTEMS. COMPUTER SCIENCES. ISSUES OF INFORMATION SECURITY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценивание риска перегрузки вычислительного узла в Kubernetes на основе уравнения Фоккера Планка и задачи первого достижения критической границы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Estimating the overload risk of a Kubernetes node based on the Fokker–Planck equation and the first-to-critical-bound problem</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6641-1609</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лесько</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lesko</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лесько Сергей Александрович, д.т.н., доцент, профессор кафедры «Информационно-аналитические системы кибербезопасности», Институт кибербезопасности и цифровых технологий</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57189664364, ResearcherID AAF-5651-2019 </p><p>119454,  Москва, пр-т Вернадского, д. 78</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey A. Lesko, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor, Professor, Department of Information and Analytical Cybersecurity Systems, Institute of Cybersecurity and Digital Technologies</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57189664364, ResearcherID AAF-5651-2019</p><p>78, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119454 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lesko@mirea.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1365-4639</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинин</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinin</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Калинин Владимир Николаевич, ассистент, кафедра телекоммуникаций, Институт радиоэлектроники и информатики</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57562579000</p><p>119454, Москва, пр-т Вернадского, д. 78</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir N. Kalinin, Assistant, Department of Telecommunications, Institute of Radioelectronics and Informatics</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57562579000</p><p>78, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kalinin_v@mirea.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1211-5214</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жуков</surname><given-names>Д. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhukov</surname><given-names>D. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жуков Дмитрий Олегович, д.т.н., профессор, профессор кафедры телекоммуникаций, Институт радиоэлектроники и информатики</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57189660218</p><p>119454, Москва, пр-т Вернадского, д. 78</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry O. Zhukov, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Department of Telecommunications, Institute of Radioelectronics and Informatics</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57189660218</p><p>78, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zhukov_do@mirea.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МИРЭА Российский технологический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MIREA Russian Technological University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>21</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лесько С.А., Калинин В.Н., Жуков Д.О., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лесько С.А., Калинин В.Н., Жуков Д.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lesko S.A., Kalinin V.N., Zhukov D.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rtj-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1613">https://www.rtj-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1613</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цели</title><p>Цели. В контейнерных вычислительных инфраструктурах размещение нагрузки опирается на статические параметры запрашиваемые ресурсы (requests) и предельные ресурсы (limits), тогда как фактическое потребление ресурсов носит стохастический характер с редкими, но существенными пиковыми выбросами, что ведет к избыточному резервированию или риску перегрузки. Существующие подходы ориентированы на детерминированные критерии выбора узла или точечный прогноз нагрузки и не дают прямой вероятностной оценки достижения критического состояния. Цель работы построение вероятностной модели риска перегрузки вычислительного узла Kubernetes[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit1">1</xref>] , формализующей событие перегрузки как первое достижение критической границы стохастическим процессом загрузки узла.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Нормированная загрузка узла описывается как одномерный стохастический процесс, эволюция плотности вероятности задается уравнением Фоккера Планка (Fokker–Planck, FP). Для краевой задачи получено аналитическое решение при постоянных коэффициентах и смешанных граничных условиях Робина Дирихле. Для переменных коэффициентов, оцениваемых по телеметрии, реализован численный метод на основе схемы Кранка Николсон. Коэффициенты дрейфа и диффузии оцениваются по данным мониторинга.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Численное решение верифицировано на шести тестовых случаях с расхождением менее 0.001 относительно аналитического. Модель проверена на дискретно-событийном имитаторе кластера из 170 узлов в четырех сценариях нагрузки. Систематическое сравнение с четырьмя базовыми методами (наивный прогноз, линейный тренд, авторегрессия первого порядка, историческая частота) на 904800 тестовых окнах показало преимущество FP-модели по критерию Брайера (0.0245 против 0.0372 у лучшей базовой модели) на всех горизонтах прогнозирования (1, 2, 5 и 10 мин).</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Предложенная модель обеспечивает вероятностную оценку риска перегрузки узла Kubernetes на конечном горизонте прогноза и превосходит базовые методы по метрикам калибровки и дискриминации. Результаты создают основу для построения риск-ориентированных механизмов ранжирования узлов и интеграции вероятностной оценки в системе управления контейнерными кластерами.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Objectives. In containerized computing infrastructures, workload placement relies on static parameters such as requests and limits . However, the stochastic nature of actual resource consumption, involving rare but significant peak bursts, can lead either to excessive resource reservation or an increased risk of overload. Existing approaches to resource allocation focus on deterministic node selection criteria or point forecasts of workloads, but do not provide direct probabilistic estimates of critical state thresholds. The probabilistic model for the overload risk of Kubernetes compute nodes developed in this paper formalizes overload as the first instance of a critical boundary being reached by a stochastic load process.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The normalized node load is modeled as a one-dimensional stochastic process, the probability density of which evolves according to the Fokker–Planck equation. An analytical solution to the boundary-value problem is derived for constant coefficients and mixed Robin–Dirichlet boundary conditions. For variable coefficients estimated from telemetry data, a numerical method based on the Crank–Nicolson scheme is employed. The drift and diffusion coefficients are estimated from monitoring data.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The model was validated using a discrete-event simulator for a 170-node cluster under four workload scenarios. A verification of the developed numerical solution against an analytical solution on six test cases produced a discrepancy of less than 0.001. A systematic comparison with four baseline methods (Persistence, Linear trend, AR(1), and Historical exceedance) across 904800 test windows demonstrates the superiority of the FP model in terms of the Brier score (0.0245 vs 0.0372 for the best baseline) for all prediction horizons (1, 2, 5, and 10 min). </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The proposed model provides a calibrated, probabilistic estimate of Kubernetes node overload risk over a finite prediction horizon, which outperforms baseline methods in terms of both calibration and discrimination metrics. These results pave the way for the development of risk-aware node ranking mechanisms and the integration of probabilistic risk assessment into container cluster management systems.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Kubernetes</kwd><kwd>стохастическая динамика</kwd><kwd>уравнение Фоккера Планка</kwd><kwd>краевая задача</kwd><kwd>вероятность перегрузки</kwd><kwd>первое достижение границы</kwd><kwd>схема Кранка Николсон</kwd><kwd>телеметрия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Kubernetes</kwd><kwd>stochastic dynamics</kwd><kwd>Fokker–Planck equation</kwd><kwd>boundary-value problem</kwd><kwd>overload probability</kwd><kwd>first-hitting time</kwd><kwd>Crank–Nicolson scheme</kwd><kwd>telemetry</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmad I., Alfailakawi M.Gh., AlMutawa A., Alsalman L. 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