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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mireabulletin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Russian Technological Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Technological Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-3210</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-316X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RTU MIREA</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32362/2500-316X-2025-13-5-75-86</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">RTWBZR</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mireabulletin-1246</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ РАДИОТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ И ТЕЛЕКОММУНИКАЦИОННЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MODERN RADIO ENGINEERING AND TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>К вопросу выбора критериев качества алгоритмов планирования наблюдений за космическими аппаратами</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Optimization criterion for spacecraft observation planning algorithms</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7084-1433</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ксендзук</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ksendzuk</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ксендзук Александр Владимирович, д.т.н., заведующий кафедрой № 346 – радиоэлектронных систем, Институт радиоэлектроники и информатики</p><p>119454, Москва, пр-т Вернадского, д. 78</p><p>Scopus Author ID 56628472300</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander V. Ksendzuk, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Head of the Department of Radioelectronic Systems, Institute of Radio Electronics and Informatics</p><p>78, Vernadskogo pr., Moscow, 119454</p><p>Scopus Author ID 56628472300</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ks_alex@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0045-6626</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузнецов Иван Алексеевич, аспирант</p><p>125480, Москва, ул. Героев Панфиловцев, д. 10, к. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan A. Kuznetsov, Postgraduate Student</p><p>10-1, Geroyev Panfilovtsev ul., Moscow, 125</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">0601ivankuznetsov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МИРЭА – Российский технологический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MIREA – Russian Technological University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Межгосударственная акционерная корпорация «Вымпел»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MAK Vympel</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>75</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ксендзук А.В., Кузнецов И.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ксендзук А.В., Кузнецов И.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ksendzuk A.V., Kuznetsov I.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rtj-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1246">https://www.rtj-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1246</self-uri><abstract><p>Цели. Одна из важнейших задач мониторинга космического пространства – это планирование наблюдений за космическими аппаратами. От того, насколько хорошо составлен план наблюдений, зависят качество и объем получаемой информации. В настоящее время существует множество различных методов планирования наблюдений за космическими аппаратами, однако единые критерии, которые позволяют сравнить различные алгоритмы планирования, отсутствуют. Цель работы – на основе физических принципов наблюдения радиолокационными, радиотехническими и оптическими средствами мониторинга разработать критерии качества планирования, определить их основные параметры аналитически и проверить численно.Методы. Предложенные критерии качества – детерминированные, ограниченные по энергии мощностью сигнала и временем наблюдения. Аналитически определены предельные значения критериев качества для фиксированного времени наблюдения. В вычислительном эксперименте для 4 алгоритмов планирования получены значения критериев качества.Результаты. Для сравнения различных алгоритмов планирования наблюдений, учитывающих приоритет космического аппарата и общее времени его наблюдения, предложен критерий качества «вес – время наблюдения». Для учета структуры общего времени наблюдения введен критерий «вес – структура наблюдения». Аналитически показано, что значения критериев ограничены, а также различаются для разных методов планирования. Выполнен численный эксперимент, который подтвердил характер изменения критериев для различных методов планирования и параметров, входящих в критерии.Выводы. Предложенные критерии качества планирования наблюдений основаны на физических принципах наблюдения радиотехническими и оптическими средствами и позволяют численно сравнить результаты планирования наблюдений за космическими аппаратами с учетом приоритетности наблюдения, времени наблюдения и его структуры. Вычислительный эксперимент подтвердил возможность применения предложенных критериев «вес – время наблюдения» и «вес – структура наблюдения» для сравнения различных алгоритмов планирования. Предложенные критерии целесообразно использовать для оптимизации алгоритмов планирования или их численного сравнения для различных условий наблюдения за космическими аппаратами. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objectives. One of the critical tasks of space monitoring is the planning of observations due to the quality and amount of information obtained depending on how well the observation plan is developed. However, the selection of a method for planning spacecraft observations is hampered by a lack of unified criteria for comparing different planning algorithms. Therefore, the work sets out to develop planning quality criteria on the basis of physical observation principles based on radar, radiotechnical, and optical monitoring approaches in order to analytically determine their main parameters and check these parameters numerically.Methods. The proposed quality criteria are deterministic, limited in energy by signal strength and observation time. The limiting values of the quality criteria for fixed observation time are analytically determined. In order to obtain the values of the quality criteria for four scheduling algorithms, a computational experiment is carried out.Results. The proposed “weight–observation time” quality criterion is used to compare different observation planning algorithms that take into account spacecraft priority and total observation time. In order to account for the structure of the total observation time, the “weight–observation structure” criterion is introduced. It is analytically confirmed that the limited criteria values differ for different scheduling methods. The conducted numerical experiment is used to confirm the nature of the change of criteria for different planning methods and parameters included in the criteria.Conclusions. The proposed observation planning quality criteria, which are based on the physical observation principles by radiotechnical and optical means, are used to numerically compare the results of spacecraft observation planning to take into account the priority of observation, as well as observation time and structure (how many and how long are the intervals into which the total observation time is divided). The possibility of using the proposed “weight–observation time” and “weight–observation structure” criteria to compare different planning algorithms is confirmed by computational experiment. Therefore, it is reasonable to use the proposed criteria for optimization of scheduling algorithms or their numerical comparison for different satellite observation conditions.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>планирование наблюдений</kwd><kwd>критерий качества</kwd><kwd>космический аппарат</kwd><kwd>мониторинг космических аппаратов</kwd><kwd>конфликтное наблюдение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>observation planning</kwd><kwd>quality criterion</kwd><kwd>spacecraft</kwd><kwd>spacecraft monitoring</kwd><kwd>conflict observation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu J., Yang X., Cheng H., et al. Progress of China’s Space Debris Research. Chinese J. Space Sci. 2022;42(4):824–829. https://doi.org/10.11728/cjss2022.04.yg26</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu J., Yang X., Cheng H., et al. 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