<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mireabulletin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Russian Technological Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Technological Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-3210</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-316X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RTU MIREA</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32362/2500-316X-2025-13-5-25-40</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">JKQMQM</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mireabulletin-1242</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ. ИНФОРМАТИКА. ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION SYSTEMS. COMPUTER SCIENCES. ISSUES OF INFORMATION SECURITY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Имитационная модель масштабируемого метода выявления многовекторных атак с учетом ограничений вычислительных и информационных ресурсов IoT-устройств</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Simulation model of a scalable method for detecting multi-vector attacks taking into account the limitations of computing and information resources of IoT devices</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4293-7013</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петренко</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrenko</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Петренко Вячеслав Иванович, к.т.н., доцент, заведующий кафедрой организации и технологии защиты информации, факультет математики и компьютерных наук имени профессора Н.И. Червякова</p><p>355017, Ставрополь, ул. Пушкина, д. 1</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57189512011</p><p>ResearcherID A-3196-2017</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vyacheslav I. Petrenko, Сand. Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Organization and Technology of Information Security, Prof. Nikolay Chervyakov Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Sciences</p><p>1, Pushkina ul., Stavropol, 355017</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57189512011</p><p>ResearcherID A-3196-2017</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vipetrenko@ncfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7373-4692</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тебуева</surname><given-names>Ф. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tebueva</surname><given-names>F. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тебуева Фариза Биляловна, д.ф.-м.н., доцент, профессор кафедры вычислительной математики и кибернетики, факультет математики и компьютерных наук имени профессора Н.И. Червякова</p><p>355017, Ставрополь, ул. Пушкина, д. 1</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57189512319</p><p>ResearcherID H-4548-2017</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Fariza B. Tebueva, Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Associate Professor, Professor, Department of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics, Prof. Nikolay Chervyakov Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Sciences</p><p>1, Pushkina ul., Stavropol, 355017</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57189512319</p><p>ResearcherID H-4548-2017</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ftebueva@ncfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2387-0901</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Огур</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ogur</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Огур Максим Геннадьевич, старший преподаватель, кафедра вычислительной математики и кибернетики, факультет математики и компьютерных наук имени профессора Н.И. Червякова</p><p>355017, Ставрополь, ул. Пушкина, д. 1</p><p>ResearcherID B-1332-2017</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maxim G. Ogur, Senior Lecturer, Department of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics, Prof. Nikolay Chervyakov Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Sciences,</p><p>1, Pushkina ul., Stavropol, 355017</p><p>ResearcherID B-1332-2017</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ogur26@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2279-3887</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Линец</surname><given-names>Г. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Linets</surname><given-names>G. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Линец Геннадий Иванович, д.т.н., профессор, профессор департамента цифровых, робототехнических систем и электроники, институт перспективной инженерии</p><p>355017, Ставрополь, ул. Пушкина, д. 1</p><p>Scopus Author ID 6506372022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gennady I. Linets, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Department of Digital, Robotic Systems and Electronics, Institute of Advanced Engineering</p><p>1, Pushkina ul., Stavropol, 355017</p><p>Scopus Author ID 6506372022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kbytw@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5131-5649</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мочалов</surname><given-names>В. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mochalov</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мочалов Валерий Петрович, д.т.н., профессор, профессор департамента цифровых, робототехнических систем и электроники, институт перспективной инженерии</p><p>355017, Ставрополь, ул. Пушкина, д. 1</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valery P. Mochalov, Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor, Department of Digital, Robotic Systems and Electronics, Institute of Advanced Engineering</p><p>1, Pushkina ul., Stavropol, 355017</p><p>Scopus Author ID 57202300745</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mochalov.valery2015@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Северо-Кавказский федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>North Caucasus Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Петренко В.И., Тебуева Ф.Б., Огур М.Г., Линец Г.И., Мочалов В.П., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Петренко В.И., Тебуева Ф.Б., Огур М.Г., Линец Г.И., Мочалов В.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Petrenko V.I., Tebueva F.B., Ogur M.G., Linets G.I., Mochalov V.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rtj-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1242">https://www.rtj-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1242</self-uri><abstract><p>Цели. Основная цель работы – разработка масштабируемого метода для выявления многовекторных атак на устройства интернета вещей (Internet of Things, IoT). Учитывая рост угроз безопасности в IoT-сетях, решение должно обеспечивать высокую точность обнаружения атак при минимальных вычислительных затратах и с учетом ограничений ресурсов IoT-устройств.Методы. Для достижения поставленной цели разработана гибридная архитектура нейронных сетей, сочетающая сверточные сети для анализа пространственных зависимостей и сети долгой краткосрочной памяти или Gated Recurrent Units (управляемые рекуррентные блоки) – один из видов рекуррентных нейронных сетей для анализа временных зависимостей в сетевом трафике. Техника обрезки (pruning) сокращает параметры модели и вычислительные затраты. Блокчейн с механизмом консенсуса Proof of Voting обеспечивает безопасное управление данными и децентрализованную верификацию.Результаты. Эксперименты на датасете CIC IoT Dataset 2023 показали эффективность модели: точность и F1-мера составили 99.1%, что подтверждает способность выявлять известные и новые атаки в реальном времени с высокой точностью и полнотой. Время обработки сокращено до 12 мс, использование памяти – до 180 МБ, что делает модель пригодной для устройств с ограниченными ресурсами.Выводы. Разработанная модель превосходит аналоги по точности, времени обработки и использованию памяти. Гибридная архитектура, обрезка и децентрализованная верификация обеспечивают эффективность против многовекторных угроз IoT. Работа открывает перспективы для исследований в кибербезопасности, предлагая решения для защиты IoT-сетей от сложных атак.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objectives. The study sets out to develop a scalable method for detecting multi-vector attacks on Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Given the growth of security threats in IoT networks, such a solution must provide high accuracy in detecting attacks with minimal computing costs while taking into account the resource constraints of IoT devices.Methods. The developed hybrid neural network architecture combines convolutional networks for spatial dependence analysis and long short-term memory networks or gated recurrent units representing types of recurrent neural networks for analyzing time dependencies in network traffic. Model parameters and computational costs are reduced by pruning. A blockchain with a proof of voting consensus mechanism provides secure data management and decentralized verification.Results. Experiments on the CIC IoT Dataset 2023 showed the effectiveness of the model: the accuracy and F1 measure were 99.1%. This confirms the ability to detect known and new attacks in real time with high accuracy and completeness. Processing time is reduced to 12 ms, while memory usage is reduced to 180 MB, which makes the model suitable for devices with limited resources.Conclusions. The developed model is superior to analogues in terms of accuracy, processing time, and memory usage. Hybrid architecture, pruning, and decentralized verification provide effectiveness against multi-vector IoT threats.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>многовекторные атаки</kwd><kwd>интернет вещей</kwd><kwd>выявление угроз</kwd><kwd>нейронные сети</kwd><kwd>блокчейн</kwd><kwd>обрезка нейронов</kwd><kwd>кибербезопасность</kwd><kwd>компрометация узлов</kwd><kwd>консенсус</kwd><kwd>федеративное обучение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multi-vector attacks</kwd><kwd>Internet of Things</kwd><kwd>threat detection</kwd><kwd>neural networks</kwd><kwd>blockchain</kwd><kwd>neuronal pruning</kwd><kwd>cybersecurity</kwd><kwd>node compromise</kwd><kwd>consensus</kwd><kwd>federated learning</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sen Ö., Ivanov B., Henze M., Ulbig A. Investigation of Multi-stage Attacks and Defense Modeling for Data Synthesis. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST). IEEE; 2023. P. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEST57387.2023.10257329</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sen Ö., Ivanov B., Henze M., Ulbig A. Investigation of Multi-stage Attacks and Defense Modeling for Data Synthesis. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST). IEEE; 2023. P. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEST57387.2023.10257329</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lysenko S., Bobrovnikova K., Kharchenko V., Savenko O. IoT Multi-Vector Cyberattack Detection Based on Machine Learning Algorithms: Traffic Features Analysis, Experiments, and Efficiency. Algorithms. 2022;15(7):239. https://doi.org/10.3390/a15070239</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lysenko S., Bobrovnikova K., Kharchenko V., Savenko O. IoT Multi-Vector Cyberattack Detection Based on Machine Learning Algorithms: Traffic Features Analysis, Experiments, and Efficiency. Algorithms. 2022;15(7):239. https://doi.org/10.3390/a15070239</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aguru A., Erukala S. OTI-IoT: A Blockchain-based Operational Threat Intelligence Framework for Multi-vector DDoS Attacks. ACM Trans. Internet Technol. 2024;24(3):15.1–15.31. https://doi.org/10.1145/3664287</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aguru A., Erukala S. OTI-IoT: A Blockchain-based Operational Threat Intelligence Framework for Multi-vector DDoS Attacks. ACM Trans. Internet Technol. 2024;24(3):15.1–15.31. https://doi.org/10.1145/3664287</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ipole-Adelaiye N., Tatama F.B., Egena O., Jenom M., Ibrahim L. Detecting Multi-Vector Attack Threats Using Multilayer Perceptron Network. IRE Journals. 2024;8(1):119–123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ipole-Adelaiye N., Tatama F.B., Egena O., Jenom M., Ibrahim L. Detecting Multi-Vector Attack Threats Using Multilayer Perceptron Network. IRE Journals. 2024;8(1):119–123.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pakmehr A., Aßmuth A., Taheri N., Ghaffari A. DDoS attack detection techniques in IoT networks: a survey. Cluster Comput. 2024;27(4):14637–14668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-024-04662-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pakmehr A., Aßmuth A., Taheri N., Ghaffari A. DDoS attack detection techniques in IoT networks: a survey. Cluster Comput. 2024;27(4):14637–14668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-024-04662-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alhakami W. Evaluating modern intrusion detection methods in the face of Gen V multi-vector attacks with fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS. PLoS One. 2024;19(5):e0302559. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302559</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alhakami W. Evaluating modern intrusion detection methods in the face of Gen V multi-vector attacks with fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS. PLoS One. 2024;19(5):e0302559. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302559</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saiyed M.F., Al-Anbagi I. Deep Ensemble Learning With Pruning for DDoS Attack Detection in IoT Networks. IEEE Trans. Machine Learning Commun. Networks. 2024;2:596–616. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMLCN.2024.3395419</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saiyed M.F., Al-Anbagi I. Deep Ensemble Learning With Pruning for DDoS Attack Detection in IoT Networks. IEEE Trans. Machine Learning Commun. Networks. 2024;2:596–616. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMLCN.2024.3395419</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liebl S. Threat Modelling for Internet of Things Devices. Research Report 2023 of the Technical University OTH Amberg-Weiden. 2023. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369488078. Дата обращения 25.02.2025. / Accessed February 25, 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liebl S. Threat Modelling for Internet of Things Devices. Research Report 2023 of the Technical University OTH Amberg-Weiden. 2023. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369488078. Дата обращения 25.02.2025. / Accessed February 25, 2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aguru A.D., Erukala S.B. A lightweight multi-vector DDoS detection framework for IoT-enabled mobile health informatics systems using deep learning. Inf. Sci. 2024;662:120209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2024.120209</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aguru A.D., Erukala S.B. A lightweight multi-vector DDoS detection framework for IoT-enabled mobile health informatics systems using deep learning. Inf. Sci. 2024;662:120209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2024.120209</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петренко В.И., Тебуева Ф.Б., Огур М.Г., Линец Г.И., Мочалов В.П. Методика обнаружения и противодействия многовекторным угрозам нарушения информационной безопасности, децентрализованной IoT системы. Int. J. Open Inf. Technol. 2025;13(1):14–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrenko V.I., Tebueva F.B., Ogur M.G., Linets G.I., Mochalov V.P. Methodology for detecting and countering multi-vector threats to information security of a decentralized IoT system. Int. J. Open Inf. Technol. 2025;13(1):13–24 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leng S., Guo Y., Zhang L., Hao F., Cao X., Li F., Kou W. Online and Collaboratively Mitigating Multi-Vector DDoS Attacks for Cloud-Edge Computing. In: ICC 2024 – International Conference on Communications. 2024. P. 1394–1399. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC51166.2024.10623052</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leng S., Guo Y., Zhang L., Hao F., Cao X., Li F., Kou W. Online and Collaboratively Mitigating Multi-Vector DDoS Attacks for Cloud-Edge Computing. In: ICC 2024 – International Conference on Communications. 2024. P. 1394–1399. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC51166.2024.10623052</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ali M., Saleem Y., Hina S., Shah G.A. DDoSViT: IoT DDoS attack detection for fortifying firmware Over-The-Air (OTA) updates using vision transformer. Internet of Things. 2025;30:101527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2025.101527</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ali M., Saleem Y., Hina S., Shah G.A. DDoSViT: IoT DDoS attack detection for fortifying firmware Over-The-Air (OTA) updates using vision transformer. Internet of Things. 2025;30:101527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2025.101527</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dalal S., Lilhore U.K., Faujdar N., Simaiya S., et al. Next-generation cyberattack prediction for IoT systems: leveraging multiclass SVM and optimized CHAID decision tree. J. Cloud Comput. 2023;12:137. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00517-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dalal S., Lilhore U.K., Faujdar N., Simaiya S., et al. Next-generation cyberattack prediction for IoT systems: leveraging multiclass SVM and optimized CHAID decision tree. J. Cloud Comput. 2023;12:137. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00517-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zahid F., Funchal G., Melo V., Kuo M.M.Y., et al. DDoS attacks on smart manufacturing systems: A cross-domain taxonomy and attack vectors. In: 2022 20th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN). 2022. P. 214–219. https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN51773.2022.9976172</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zahid F., Funchal G., Melo V., Kuo M.M.Y., et al. DDoS attacks on smart manufacturing systems: A cross-domain taxonomy and attack vectors. In: 2022 20th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN). 2022. P. 214–219. https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN51773.2022.9976172</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lungu N., Dash B.B., De U.C., Dash B.B., et al. Multi-vector Monitoring, Detecting and Classifying GPU Side-Channel Attack Vectors on a Secure GPU Execution Framework. In: 2024 8th International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud). 2024. P. 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1109/I-SMAC61858.2024.10714895</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lungu N., Dash B.B., De U.C., Dash B.B., et al. Multi-vector Monitoring, Detecting and Classifying GPU Side-Channel Attack Vectors on a Secure GPU Execution Framework. In: 2024 8th International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud). 2024. P. 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1109/I-SMAC61858.2024.10714895</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
