<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mireabulletin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Russian Technological Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Technological Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-3210</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-316X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RTU MIREA</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32362/2500-316X-2025-13-4-25-36</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">WVWVCJ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mireabulletin-1208</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ РАДИОТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ И ТЕЛЕКОММУНИКАЦИОННЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MODERN RADIO ENGINEERING AND TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследование эффективности применения моделей нейронных сетей YOLO для распознавания объектов на радиолокационных изображениях</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Efficiency of YOLO neural network models applied for object recognition in radar images</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5568-8290</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красноперова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnoperova</surname><given-names>Alena S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Красноперова Алена Сергеевна, инженер студенческого конструкторского бюро «Интеллектуальные радиотехнические системы», кафедра радиотехнических систем</p><p>634050, Томск, пр. Ленина, д. 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alena S. Krasnoperova, Engineer of the Student Design Bureau of Intelligent Radio Engineering Systems, Department of Radio Engineering Systems</p><p>40, Lenina pr., Tomsk, 634050 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alenacergeevna2@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2250-6375</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Твердохлебов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tverdokhlebov</surname><given-names>Alexander S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Твердохлебов Александр Сергеевич, инженер студенческого конструкторского бюро</p><p>634050, Томск, пр. Ленина, д. 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander S. Tverdokhlebov, Engineer of the Student Design Bureau of Intelligent Radio Engineering Systems, Department of Radio Engineering Systems</p><p>40, Lenina pr., Tomsk, 634050 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tverdohlebov.a.923-@e.tusur.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6005-7539</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карташов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kartashov</surname><given-names>Alexey A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Карташов Алексей Андреевич, инженер студенческого конструкторского бюро «Интеллектуальные радиотехнические системы», кафедра радиотехнических систем</p><p>634050, Томск, пр. Ленина, д. 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey A. Kartashov, Engineer of the Student Design Bureau of Intelligent Radio Engineering Systems, Department of Radio Engineering Systems</p><p>40, Lenina pr., Tomsk, 634050 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kartashov.a.923-m@e.tusur.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0275-4127</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вебер</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Weber</surname><given-names>Vladislav I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вебер Владислав Игоревич, аспирант, ассистент кафедры радиотехнических систем</p><p>634050, Томск, пр. Ленина, д. 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav I. Weber, Postgraduate Student, Assistant, Department of Radio Engineering Systems</p><p>40, Lenina pr., Tomsk, 634050 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladweber00@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7190-3213</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куприц</surname><given-names>В. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuprits</surname><given-names>Vladimir Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Куприц Владимир Юрьевич, к.т.н., доцент, руководитель студенческого конструкторского бюро</p><p>634050, Томск, пр. Ленина, д. 40</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir Y. Kuprits, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor, Head of the Student Design Bureau of Intelligent Radio Engineering Systems, Department of Radio Engineering Systems</p><p>40, Lenina pr., Tomsk, 634050 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladimir.y.kuprits@tusur.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Томский государственный университет систем управления и радиоэлектроники»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Красноперова А.С., Твердохлебов А.С., Карташов А.А., Вебер В.И., Куприц В.Ю., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Красноперова А.С., Твердохлебов А.С., Карташов А.А., Вебер В.И., Куприц В.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Krasnoperova A.S., Tverdokhlebov A.S., Kartashov A.A., Weber V.I., Kuprits V.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rtj-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1208">https://www.rtj-mirea.ru/jour/article/view/1208</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цели</title><p>Цели. В статье рассматривается проблема применения нейронных сетей для обнаружения и классификации объектов на радиолокационных изображениях в условиях ограниченных вычислительных ресурсов. Целью работы является исследование быстродействия и точности моделей нейронных сетей YOLO1 при решении задач обнаружения и классификации объектов на радиолокационных изображениях для оценки возможностей практической реализации на микрокомпьютере с нейронным процессором.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. В работе использовались методы машинного обучения, обнаружения и классификации объектов на изображении.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Результатом работы является оценка и сравнение быстродействия и точности моделей нейронных сетей YOLO 5-го, 8-го и 11-го поколений с разным количеством обучаемых параметров (модели nano, small, medium, large, extra large) для исследования возможности их использования на микрокомпьютере с нейронным процессором. При сравнении различных моделей YOLO по метрике оценки точности лучшие результаты показали модели YOLOv11n (0.925), YOLOv5l (0.889), YOLOv11s (0.883); по метрике полноты – YOLOv5n (0.932), YOLOv11n (0.928), YOLOv11s (0.914); по метрике mAP50 – YOLOv11s (0.961), YOLOv5n (0.954), YOLOv11n (0.953); по метрике mAP50-95 – YOLOv5n (0.756), YOLOv11s (0.74), YOLOv5l (0.727).</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Проведенные исследования показывают возможность применения моделей нейронных сетей YOLO на микрокомпьютере с нейронным процессором при соответствии вычислительных ресурсов микрокомпьютера и вычислительных требований нейронных сетей. Микрокомпьютер ROC-RK3588S-PC (Firefly Technology Co., Китай) обеспечивает быстродействие до 6 TOPS (Тера-операций в секунду), что позволяет применять модели YOLOv5n (7.1 GFLOPs), YOLOv11n (6.3 GFLOPs), YOLOv11s (21.3 GFLOPs).</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Objectives. The paper addresses the problem of applying neural networks for object detection in radar images and their recognition under conditions of limited computational resources. The aim was to investigate the speed and recognition quality of YOLO2 neural network models in solving object detection and classification tasks in radar images in order to evaluate the feasibility of their practical implementation on a microcomputer with a neural processor.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. Machine learning, object detection, and classification techniques were used to detect and classify objects in a radar image.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The study compared the speed and recognition quality of the 5th, 8th, and 11th generation YOLO neural network models with varying numbers of trainable parameters (nano-, small-, medium-, large-, and extra-largesized) to assess their potential use on a microcomputer with a neural processor. As a result of comparing various YOLO models using evaluation metrics, YOLOv11n (0.925), YOLOv5l (0.889), and YOLOv11s (0.883) showed the highest precision metric; YOLOv5n (0.932), YOLOv11n (0.928), and YOLOv11s (0.914) showed the highest recall metric; YOLOv11s (0.961), YOLOv5n (0.954), and YOLOv11n (0.953) showed the highest mAP50 metric; and YOLOv5n (0.756), YOLOv11s (0.74), and YOLOv5l (0.727) showed the highest mAP50-95 metric.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The conducted research confirmed the feasibility of running YOLO neural network models on a microcomputer with a neural processor, provided that the computational resources of the microcomputer match the computational requirements of the neural networks. The ROC-RK3588S-PC microcomputer (Firefly Technology Co., China) provides up to 6 TOPS of performance, allowing the use of YOLOv5n (7.1 GFLOPs), YOLOv11n (6.3 GFLOPs), and YOLOv11s (21.3 GFLOPs) models.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>системы распознавания образов</kwd><kwd>нейронные сети</kwd><kwd>радиолокационное изображение</kwd><kwd>алгоритмы машинного обучения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pattern recognition systems</kwd><kwd>neural networks</kwd><kwd>radar images</kwd><kwd>machine learning algorithms</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malmgren-Hansen D., Engholm R., Østergaard Pedersen M. Training Convolutional Neural Networks for Translational Invariance on SAR ATR. In: Proceedings of EUSAR 2016: 11th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar. IEEE; 2016. P. 459–462.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malmgren-Hansen D., Engholm R., Østergaard Pedersen M. Training Convolutional Neural Networks for Translational Invariance on SAR ATR. In: Proceedings of EUSAR 2016: 11th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar. IEEE; 2016. P. 459–462.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cruz H., Véstias M.P., Monteiro J., et al. A Review of Synthetic-Aperture Radar Image Formation Algorithms and Implementations: A Computational Perspective. Remote Sens. 2022;14(5):1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14051258</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cruz H., Véstias M.P., Monteiro J., et al. A Review of Synthetic-Aperture Radar Image Formation Algorithms and Implementations: A Computational Perspective. Remote Sens. 2022;14(5):1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14051258</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильин Е.М., Полубехин А.И., Савостьянов В.Ю., Самарин О.Ф., Черевко А.Г. Малогабаритный многофункциональный бортовой РЛК для беспилотных летательных аппаратов малой дальности. Вестник СибГУТИ. 2017;4:104–109. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30793295</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Il’in E.M., Polubekhin A.I., Savostyanov V.Yu., Samarin O.F., Cherevko A.G. Airborne multi-functional radar complex for shot-range UAVs. Vestnik SibGUTI = The Herald of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Information Science. 2017;4:104–109 (in Russ.). https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30793295</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поль В.Г., Симонов А.В. Космическая радиолокационная съемка рельефа и совместный полет пары космических аппаратов. Инженерный журнал: наука и инновации. 2020;7:1–21. https://doi.org/10.18698/2308-6033-2020-7-1999, https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=43566045</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paul V.G., Simonov A.V. Space radar terrain survey and the joint flight of a spacecraft pair. Inzhenernyi zhurnal: nauka i innovatsii = Engineering Journal: Science and Innovation. 2020;7:1–21 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18698/2308-6033-2020-7-1999, https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=43566045</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хахулина Н.Б. Системы сбора и обработки информации результатов геодезических изысканий и дистанционного зондирования. Воронеж: Воронежский государственный технический университет; 2022. 78 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khakhulina N.B. Sistemy sbora i obrabotki informatsii rezul’tatov geodezicheskikh izyskanii i distantsionnogo zondirovaniya (Systems of Information Collection and Processing of Geodetic Surveys and Remote Sensing Results). Voronezh: Voronezh State Technical University; 2022. 78 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Радиолокационные станции воздушной разведки; под ред. Г.С. Кондратенкова. М.: Воениздат; 1983. 154 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondratenkov G.S. (Ed.). Radiolokatsionnye stantsii vozdushnoi razvedki (Airborne Reconnaissance Radar Stations). Moscow: Voenizdat; 1983. 154 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Радиолокационные системы многофункциональных самолетов: в 3 т. Т. 1. РЛС – информационная основа боевых действий многофункциональных самолетов. Системы и алгоритмы первичной обработки радиолокационных сигналов; под ред. А.И. Канащенкова, В.И. Меркулова. М.: Радиотехника; 2006. 656 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanaschenkov A.I., Merkulov V.I. (Eds.). Radiolokatsionnye sistemy mnogofunktsional’nykh samoletov: V 3 t. T. 1. RLS – informatsionnaya osnova boevykh deistvii mnogofunktsional’nykh samoletov. Sistemy i algoritmy pervichnoi obrabotki radiolokatsionnykh signalov (Radar Systems of Multi-Functional Aircraft: in 3 v. V. 1. Radar Systems – Information Basis for Combat Operations of Multi-Functional Aircraft. Systems and Algorithms for Primary Processing of Radar Signals). Moscow: Radiotekhnika; 2006. 656 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Купряшкин И.Ф., Мазин А.С. Классификация объектов военной техники с использованием сверточной нейронной сети на радиолокационных изображениях, сформированных в условиях шумовых помех. Вестник Концерна ВКО «Алмаз – Антей». 2022;1:71–81. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=48138675</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kupryashkin I.F., Mazin A.S. Classification of military equipment targets on radar images generated in noise interference conditions using a convolutional neural network. Vestnik Kontserna VKO Almaz-Antey. 2022;1:71–81 (in Russ.). https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=48138675</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen D., Ju R., Tu C., Long G., Liu X., Liu J. GDB-YOLOv5s: Improved YOLO-based Model for Ship Detection in SAR Images. IET Image Process. 2024;18(11):2869–2883. https://doi.org/10.1049/ipr2.13140</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen D., Ju R., Tu C., Long G., Liu X., Liu J. GDB-YOLOv5s: Improved YOLO-based Model for Ship Detection in SAR Images. IET Image Process. 2024;18(11):2869–2883. https://doi.org/10.1049/ipr2.13140</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song Y., Wang S., Li Q., Mu H., Feng R., Tian T., Tian J. Vehicle Target Detection Method for Wide-Area SAR Images Based on Coarse-Grained Judgment and Fine-Grained Detection. Remote Sens. 2023;15(13):3242. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15133242</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song Y., Wang S., Li Q., Mu H., Feng R., Tian T., Tian J. Vehicle Target Detection Method for Wide-Area SAR Images Based on Coarse-Grained Judgment and Fine-Grained Detection. Remote Sens. 2023;15(13):3242. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15133242</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang T., Zhang X., Li J., Xu X., Wang B., Zhan X., Xu Y., Ke X., Zeng T., Su H., et al. SAR Ship Detection Dataset (SSDD): Official Release and Comprehensive Data Analysis. Remote Sens. 2021;13(18):3690. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183690</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang T., Zhang X., Li J., Xu X., Wang B., Zhan X., Xu Y., Ke X., Zeng T., Su H., et al. SAR Ship Detection Dataset (SSDD): Official Release and Comprehensive Data Analysis. Remote Sens. 2021;13(18):3690. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183690</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карманова Н.А., Карманов А.Г., Петров A.A. Разработка модели радара с синтезированной апертурой беспилотного летательного аппарата для дистанционного зондирования лесных массивов. Информация и Космос. 2021;4:114–122. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?edn=esiivj</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karmanova N.A., Karmanov A.G., Petrov A.A. Development of a synthetic aperture radar model for unmanned aerial vehicles for remote sensing of woodlands. Informatsiya i Kosmos = Information and Space. 2021;4:114–122 (in Russ.). https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?edn=esiivj</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Брызгалов А.П., Ковальчук И.В., Хныкин А.В., Шевела И.А., Юсупов Р.Г. Моделирование радиолокатора с синтезированной апертурой при решении задач его внутреннего и внешнего проектирования. Труды МАИ. 2011;43:25. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=15632049</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BryzgalovA.P., Koval’chuk I.V., KhnykinA.V., Shevela I.A., Yusupov R.G. Simulation of Synthetic Aperture Radar Assigned to Solving the Problems of Its Internal and External Design. Trudy MAI. 2011;43:25 (in Russ.). https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=15632049</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terven J., Córdova-Esparza D.-M., Romero-González J.-A. A comprehensive review of YOLO architectures in computer vision: from YOLOv1 to YOLOv8 and YOLO-NAS. Mach. Learn. Knowl. Extr. 2023;5(4):1680–1716. https://doi.org/10.3390/make5040083</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terven J., Córdova-Esparza D.-M., Romero-González J.-A. A comprehensive review of YOLO architectures in computer vision: from YOLOv1 to YOLOv8 and YOLO-NAS. Mach. Learn. Knowl. Extr. 2023;5(4):1680–1716. https://doi.org/10.3390/make5040083</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baller S., Jindal A., Chadha M., Gerndt M. DeepEdgeBench: benchmarking deep neural networks on edge devices. In: Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E). IEEE; 2021. P. 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E52221.2021.00016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baller S., Jindal A., Chadha M., Gerndt M. DeepEdgeBench: benchmarking deep neural networks on edge devices. In: Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E). IEEE; 2021. P. 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E52221.2021.00016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
